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land’s northern island is famous
for the glowworms that live on
its ceiling.
• Gouffre Berger, found in south-
wester France, is one of the
deepest caves in the world and
between 1953 and 1963 it was
considered the deepest. It is
3,681 feet deep and contains
an underground river that joins
several lakes.

• Wonderland Cave, in Bella
Vista, Arkansas, was used as
a nightclub in the 1930s. There
were musicians, dances and
decorations to the theme of Al- speleothems
ice in Wonderland. There are
plans to reopen the cave as a
major entertainment venue.
2-Earthquake
The Earth may look like a seam-
less mass of land when seen from
space, but when seen from within,
so many of its mysteries become
clearer.
Facts about Earthquakes
Earthquakes occur when fric-
tion occurs between two tectonic
plates.

• Tectonic plates are giant piec-
es of rock and land mass that
make up the Earth’s most outer lava caves
layer. These plates sit on top of
the Earth’s mantle, which is a quake in December of 2004 core, which is made up of liquid
dense fluid or plasma-like sub- registered at a 9.0 on the Rich- metal. The final layer is called the
stance. ter Scale. inner core, which is solid.

• The Richter Scale was created The Layers of the Earth Because some of the Earth’s
in 1935 by a scientist named
Charles Richter. The Richter The Earth has four main layers. layers are solid matter and some
Scale measures the intensity of The outermost layer that reaches are liquid, the planet as a whole is
Earthquakes. the surface of Earth is called the always in motion, and not always
Lithosphere, or crust. The next in a way that works well for the
• There are several different inside layer is called the mantle, Earth itself. Sometimes, this con-
types of faults where friction the topmost part of which comes
can occur. These include strike- together with the crust to form the tinual movement produces earth-
slip faults and dip-slip faults. outside surface of the planet itself. quakes.
• The massive Indonesian earth- The third interior layer is called the What are Tectonic Plates?
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